Triassic Literature Recap - 2010

It's time again to list all of the literature published on Triassic vertebrate paleontology in 2010.  Most of these papers were announced on this site; however, some slipped through the cracks.  Even with those inclusions this list is not entirely exhaustive given the sheer volume of work out there and the plethora of scientific journals. 

Temnospondyl studies cooled off a little in 2010 compared with past years, while synapsids and pterosaurs remained hot.  Permo-Triassic and end Triassic extinction interval studies continue on a rapid pace. In the world of dinosaurs we had a new herrerrasaur, Sanjuansaurus, and found out that Azendohsaurus was not.  I'm always thrilled when new aetosaur papers our published and in 2010 we had a new species of Stagonolepis, an armor histology study, two papers on Typothorax, and a revision of Lucasuchus hunti.  Amazingly there were actually two new papers this year dealing with phytosaurs, including a new taxon from the Petrified Forest.  The most prominent Triassic reference this year, however, was the new book, "Triassic Life on Land: The great transition" by Hans Sues and Nick Fraser.  I encourage all Triassophiles who have not yet picked up this book to do so.

In 2009 the most prolific Triassic author for vertebrate paleontology papers was Cesar Schultz with six papers.  This year it is Spencer Lucas with eight. Sterling Nesbitt is right behind with six.  Let's hope 2011 is as productive for Triassic research as the past years.

Abdala, F., and Ribeiro, A.M. 2010. Distribution and diversity patterns of Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 286:202-217.


Alcober, O. A., and Martinez, R. N. 2010. A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic of Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. ZooKeys 63: 55-81.

Allington-Jones, L., Braddy, S. J., and Trueman, C. N. 2010. Palaeoenvironmental implications of the ichnology and geochemistry of the Westbury Formation (Rhaetian), Westburyon- Severn, South-West England. Palaeontology 53:491-506.

Benson, R. B. J., Butler, R. J., Lindgren, J., and Smith, A. S. 2010. Mesozoic marine tetrapod diversity: mass extinctions and temporal heterogeneity in geological megabiases affecting vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 277:820-834.

Benton, M. J. 2010. Archosaur remains from the Otter Sandstone Formation (Middle Triassic, late Anisian) of Devon, southern UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association (early online), doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2010.08.004.

Bonaparte, J. F., Schultz, C. L., and M. B. Soares. 2010. Pterosauria from the Late Triassic of Southern Brazil, pp. 63-71 in Bandyopadhyay, S. (ed.), New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 132, Springer-Verlag Berlin/ Heidelberg, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7

Botha-Brink, J., and Angielczyk, K. D. 2010. Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain theic success before and after the end-Permian extinction? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160: 341-365.

Böttcher, R. 2010. Description of the shark egg capsule Palaeoxyris friessi n. sp. From the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of SW Germany and discussion of all known egg capsules from the Triassic of the Germanic Basin. Palaeodiversity 3: 123–139.

Brinkmann, W., Romano, C., Bucher, H,. Ware, D., and Jenks, J. 2010. Palaeobiogeography and stratigraphy of advanced gnathostomian fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) in the Early Triassic and from selected Anisian Localities (Report 1863-2009). Zentrallblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie Teil II, Heft, 5/6: 765-812.

Brusatte, S. L., Niedzwiedzki, G., and Butler, R. J. 2010. Footprints pull origin and disversification of dinosaur stem lineage deep into the Early Triassic. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B., published on line, 7pp.

Brusatte, S. L., Benton, M. J., Desojo, J. B., Langer, M. C. 2010. The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8:3-47.

Brusatte, S. J., Nesbitt, S. J., Irmis, R. B., Butler, R. J., Benton, M. J., and Norell, M. A. 2010. The origin and early radiation of dinosaurs. Earth-Science Reviews 101:68-100.

Budziszewska-Karwowska, E., Bujok, A., and Sadlok, G. 2010. Bite marks on an Upper Triassic dicynodontid tibia from Zawiercie, Krakow-Czestochowa upland, Southern Poland. Palaios 25: 415-421.

Buchwitz, M. and S. Voigt. 2010. Peculiar carapace structure of a Triassic chroniosuchian implies evolutionary shift in trunk flexibility. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1697-1708.

Cerda, I. A., and J. B. Desojo. 2010: Dermal armour histology of aetosaurs (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia), from the Upper Triassic of Argentina and Brazil. Lethaia, DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00252.x.

Cisneros, J. C., and Ruta, M. 2010. Morphological diversity and biogeography of procolophonids (Amniota: Parareptilia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8:607-625.

Cisneros, J. C., Cabral, U. G., Beer, F de, Damiani, R., and Fortier D. C. 2010 Spondarthritis in the Triassic. PLoS ONE 5, 5 pp.

Deenen, M. H. L., Ruhl, M., Bonis, N. R., Krigsman, W., Kuerschner, W. M. Reitsma, M., and van Bergen, M. J. 2010. A new chronology for the end-Triassic mass extinction. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 291: 113-125.

Dias-Da-Silva, S., and Milner, A. R. 2010. The pustulated temnospondyl revisited-a plagiosternine plagiosaurid from the Lower Triassic of Brazil. Acta Palaeontlogica Polonica 55: 561-563.

Diedrich, C. J. 2010. Palaeoecology of Placodus gigas (Reptilia) and other placodontids -- Middle Triassic macroalgae feeders in the Germanic basin of central Europe--and evidence for convergent evolution with Sirenia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 285:287-306.

Ezcurra, M. D. 2010. Biogeography of Triassic tetrapods: evidence for provincialism and driven sympatric cladogensis in the early evolution of modern tetrapod lineages. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 277:2547-2552.

Ezcurra, M. D. 2010. A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny. Journal of Systematic Paleontology 8: 371-425.

Ezcurra, M. D., Lecuona, A., and Martinelli, A. 2010. A new basal archosauriform diapsid from the Lower Triassic of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1433-1450.

Fischer, J., Axsmith, B. J., and Ash, S. R. 2010. First unequivocal record of the hybodont shark egg capsule Palaeoxyris in the Mesozoic of North America: Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 255: 327-344.

Flynn, J. J., Nesbitt, S. J., Parrish, M., Raniovohartmanana, L., and Wyss, A. R. 2010. A new species of Azendohsaurus (Diapaida: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic Isalo Group of Southwestern Madagascar: cranium and mandible. Palaeontology 53:660-688.

Fröbisch, J., Angiekczyk, K. D., and Sidor, C. A. 2010. The Triassic dicynodont Kombuisia (Synapsida, Anomodontia) from Antarctica, a refuge from the terrestrial Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Naturwissenschaften 97: 187-196.

Gand, G., De la Horra, R., Galan-Abellan, B., Lopez-Gomez, J., Barrenechea, J. F., Arche, A., and Isabel Benito, M. 2010. New ichnites from the Middle Triassic of the Iberian Ranges (Spain): paleonenvironmental and paleogeographical implications: Historical Biology 22: 40-56.

Gao, K.-Q., Fox, R. C., Zhou, C.-F., and Li, D.-Q. 2010. A new nomammalian eucynodont (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the Triassic of Northern Gansu Province, China, and its biostratigraphic and biogeographic lmplications. American Museum Novitates 3685, 25pp.

Giordano, N., Rigo, M., Ciarapica G. & Bertinelli A. 2010. New biostratigraphical constraints for the Norian ⁄Rhaetian boundary: data from Lagonegro Basin, Southern Apennines, Italy. Lethaia, 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00219.x.

Green, J. L., Schweitzer, M. H., and Lamm, E.-T. 2010. Limb bone histology and growth in Placerias hesternus (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Upper Triassic of North America. Palaeontology 53: 347-364.

Heckert, A. B., Lucas, S. G., Rinehart, L. F., Celeskey, M. D., Spielmann, J. A., and Hunt, A. P. 2010. Articulated skeletons of the aetosaur Typothorax coccinarum Cope (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae) from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation (Revueltian: Early-Mid Norian), eastern New Mexico, USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 619-642.

Hu, S.-x,. Zhang, Q.-y., Chen, Z.-Q., Zhou, C.-y., Lü, T., Xie, T., Wen, W., Huang, J. -y., and M. J. Benton, 2010. The Luoping biota: exceptional preservation, and new evidence on the Triassic recovery from end-Permian mass extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society: B (advance online publication) doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2235

Irmis, R. B., and Whiteside, J. H., 2010. Newly integrated approaches to studying Late Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Palaios 25: 689-691.

Irmis, R. B., Martz, J. W., Parker, W. G., and Nesbitt, S. J. 2010. Re-evaluating the correlation between Late Triassic terrestrial vertebrate biostratigraphy and the GSSP-defined marine stages. Albertiana 38:40-52.

Jaisnoski, S. G., Rayfield, E. J., and Chinsamy, A. 2010. Mechanics of the scarf premaxilla-nasal suture in the snout of Lystrosaurus. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 30:1283-1288.

Kammerer, C. F., Flynn, J. J., Ranivoharimanana, L. and A. R. Wyss. 2010. The first record of a probainognathian (Cynodontia: Chiniquodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1889-1894.

Kemp, T. 2010. New Perspectives on the Evolution of Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Terrestrial Tetrapods; pp. 1-26 in S. Bandyopadhyay (ed.), New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 132, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7

Kimmig, J., and G. Arp. 2010. Phytosaur remains from the Norian Arnstadt Formation (Leine Valley, Germany), with reference to European phytosaur habitats. Palaeodiversity 3: 215–224.

Klein, N. 2010. Long bone histology of sauropterygia from the Lower Muschelkalk of the Germanic Basin Provides unexpected implications for phylgeny. PLoS ONE 5, 25 pp.

Klein, H., and Lucas, S. G. 2010. Tetrapod footprints - their use in biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Triassic; pp. 419-446 in Lucas, S.G. (ed.) The Triassic Timescale, Geological Society of London, Special Publications.

Klein, H., and Lucas, S. G. 2010. The Triassic footprint record of crocodylomorphs-a critical re-evaluation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 51:55-60.

Klein, H., Voigt, S., Hminna, A., Saber, H., Schneider, J., and D. Hmich. 2010. Early Triassic Archosaur-Dominated Footprint Assemblage from the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco). Ichnos 17:1–13. DOI: 10.1080/10420940.2010.510030

Langer, M. C. , Montefeltro, F. C. , Hone, D. E. , Whatley, R. and C. L. Schultz. 2010. On Fodonyx spenceri and a new rhynchosaur from the Middle Triassic of Devon. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1884 -1888.

Liu, J., and Sues, H.-D. 2010. Dentition and tooth replacement of Boreogomphodon (Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina, USA. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 40: 169-184.

Liu, J., and Olsen, P. 2010. The phylogenetic relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsada). Journal of Mammal Evolution 17: 151-176.

Liutkus, C. M., Beard, J. S., Fraser, N. C., and Ragland, P. C. 2010. Use of fine-scale stratigraphy and chemostratigraphy to evaluate conditions of deposition and preservation of a Triassic Lagerstätte, south-central Virginia. Journal of Paleolimnology 44: 645-666.

Lopez-Arbarello, A., Rauhut, O.W.M, and E. Cerdeno. 2010. The Triassic fish faunas of the Cuyana Basin, western Argentina. Palaeontology 53:249-276.

Lucas, S. G., Spielmann, J. A., Klein, H., and Lerner, A. J. 2010. Ichnology of the Upper Triassic (Apachean) Redonda Formation, east-central New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 47:1-74.

Lucas, S. G., Rinehart, L. F., Krainer, K., Spielmann, J. A., and A. B. Heckert. 2010. Taphonomy of the Lamy amphibian quarry: A Late Triassic bonebed in New Mexico, U.S.A. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 298:388–398.

Lyson, T. R., Bever, G. S., Bhullar, B. S., Joyce, W. G., and Gauthier, J. G. 2010. Transitional fossils and the origin of turtles. Biology Letters, published on line, 4pp.

Maisch, M. W. and Kapitzke, M. 2010. A presumably marine phytosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the pre-planorbis beds (Hettangian) of England. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 257: 373–379.

Mallison, H. 2010. The digital Plateosaurus 1: body mass, mass distribution and posture assessd using CAD and CAE on a digitally mounted complete skeleton. Palaeontologia Electronica 13.2.8A.

Mallison, H. 2010. The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount. Acata Palaeontologica Polonica 55: 433-458.

Mannion, P. D., and Upchurch, P. 2010. Completeness metrics and the quality of the sauropodomorph fossil record through geological and historical time. Paleobiology 36:283-302.

Marsicano, C.A., Mancuso, A.C., Palma, R.M., and Krapovickas, V. 2010. Tetrapod tracks in a marginal lacustrine setting (Middle Triassic, Argentina): taphonomy and significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 291:388-399.

Martin, T., Sun, G., and Mosbrugger, V. 2010. Triassic-Jurassic biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate in the Junggar Basin, Xinjinag, northwest China. Palaeobiodiveristy and Palaeoenvironments 90:171-173.

Martinelli, A. G. 2010. On the postcanine dentition of Pascualgnathus polanskii Bonaparte (Cynodontia, Traversodontidae) from the Middle Triassic of Argentina. Geobios 43:629–638.

Mitchell, J. S., Heckert, A. B., and H.-D. Sues. 2010. Grooves to tubes: evolution of the venom delivery system in a Late Triassic “reptile”. Naturwissenschaften 97:1117-1121.

Modesto, S. P., and Botha-Brink, J. 2010. A burrow cast with Lystrosaurus skeletal remains from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaios 25: 274-281.

Modesto, S. P., Scott, D. M., Botha-Brink, J, and Reisz, R. R. 2010. A new and unusual procolophonid parareptile from the Lower Triassic Katberg Formation of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 715-723.

Mukherjee, D., Ray, S., and Sengupta, D. P. 2010. Preliminary observations on the bone microstucture, growth patterns, and life habits of some Triassic temnospondyls from India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 78-93.

Nesbitt, S. J., and D. W. E. Hone. 2010. An external mandibular fenestra and other archosauriform character states in basal pterosaurs. Palaeodiversity 3: 225–233.

Nesbitt, S. J., Sidor, C. A., Irmis, R. B., Angielcyzk, K. D., Smith, R. M. H., and Tsuji, L. A. 2010. Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 464: 95-98.

Nicolas, M., and Rubidge, B. S. 2010. Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. Lethaia 43: 45-59.

Novikov, I. V. 2010. New data on Trematosauroid Labyrinthodonts of Eastern Europe: 2. Trematosaurus galae sp. nov.: cranial morphology. Paleontological Journal 44: 457-467.

de Oliveira, T. V., Sores, M. B., and Schultz, C. L. 2010. Trucidocynodon riograndensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Eucynodontia), a new cynodont from the Brazilian Upper Triassic (Santa Maria Formation). Zootaxa 2382, 71pp.

Osi, A. 2010: Feeding-related characters in basal pterosaurs: implications for jaw mechanism, dental function and diet. Lethaia, DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00230.x.

Padian, K., Li, C., and Pchelnikova, J. 2010. The trackmaker of Apatopus (Late Triassic, North America): Implications for the evolution of archosaur stance and gait. Palaeontology 53: 175-189.

Parker, W. G., and Martz, J. W. 2010. Using positional homology in aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) osteoderms to evaluate the taxonomic status of Lucasuchus hunti. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1100-1108.

Piechowski, R., and Dzik, J. 2010. The axial skeleton of Silesaurus opolensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1127-1141.

Ray, S., Bandyopadhyay, S., and R. Appana. 2010. Bone Histology of a Kannemeyeriid Dicynodont Wadiasaurus: Palaeobiological Implications; pp. 73-89 in S. Bandyopadhyay (ed.), New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity, Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 132, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7

Renesto, S. 2010. A new specimen of Nothosaurus from the Latest Anisian (Middle Triassic) Besano Formation (Grenzbitumenzone) of Italy: Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 116: 245-260.

Renesto, S., Spielmann, J. A., Lucas, S. G., and Spagnoli, G. T. 2010. The taxonomy and paleobiology of the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian: Adamanian-Apachean) drepanosaurs (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha: Drepanosauromorpha). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 46:1-81.

Rieppel, O., Jiang, D.-Y., Fraser, N. C., Hao, W.-C., Motani, R., Sun, Y.-L., and Sun, Z.-Y. 2010. Tanystropheus cf. T. longobardicus from the Early Late Triassic of Guizhou Province, Southwestern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1082-1089.

Rowe, T. B., Sues, H.-D., and R. Reisz. 2010. Dispersal and diversity in the earliest North American sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with a description of a new taxon. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, First Cite. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1867

Saila, L. K. 2010. Osteology of Leptopleuron lacertinum Owen, a procolophonoid parareptile from the Upper Triassic of Scotland, with remarks on ontogeny, ecology and affinities. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 101, 1–25.


Sanchez, S., Germain, D., De Ricqles, A., Abourachid, A., Goussard, F. and Tafforeau, P. 2010. Limb-bone histology of temnospondyls: implications for understanding the diversification of palaeoecologies and patterns of locomotion of Permo-Triassic tetrapods. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, early online. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02081.x

Santucci, V. L., and Kirkland, J. I. 2010. An overview of National Park Service Paleontological Resources from the Parks and Mounuments in Utah; pp. 589-623 in Sprinkel, D. A,. Chidsey, T. C., and Anderson, P. B. (eds.), Geology of Utah’s Parks and Monuments, Utah Geological Association Publication 28.

Scheyer, T. M. 2010. New interpretation of the postcranial skeleton and overall body shape of the placodont Cymodus hildegradis Peyer, 1931 (Reptilia, Sauropterygia). Palaentologia Electronica 13.2.15A.

Schoch, R. R., Voigt, S., and Buchwitz, M. 2010. A chroniosuchid from the Triassic of Kyrgyzstan and analysis of chroniosuchian relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160:515-530.

Schoch, R. R., Nesbitt, S., Müller, J., Lucas, S. G., and Boy, J. A., 2010. The reptile assemblage from the Moenkopi Formation (Middle Triassic) of New Mexico. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 255: 345-369.

Spielmann, J. A., and Lucas, S. G. 2010. Typothorax coccinarum (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae) from the Upper Triassic (Revueltian) Petrified Forest Formation, El Puertocito, Canon del Cobre, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 49: 221-229.

Stocker, M. R. 2010. A new taxon of phytosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the Late Triassic (Norian) Sonsela Member (Chinle Formation) in Arizona, and a critical reevaluation of Leptosuchus Case, 1922. Palaeontology 53: 997-1022.

Sues, H.-D., and N. C. Fraser. 2010. Triassic life on land: The Great Transition. Columbia University Press, New York, 229p.

Sues, H.-D., and Hopson, J. A. 2010. Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Boreogomphodon jeffersoni (Cynodontia: Gomphodontia) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1202-1220.

Sulej, T. 2010. The skull of an early Late Triassic aetosaur and the evolution of the stagonolepidid archosaurian reptiles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158:860-881.

Sullivan, C. 2010. The role of the calcaneal 'heel' as a propulsive lever in basal archosaurs and extant monitor lizards. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1422-1432.

Tanimoto, M., Utsunomiya, S., and Fujimoto, T. 2010. Osteichthyan teeth from the Early Triassic Taho Formation of Ehime Prefecture, Southwest Japan. Konseki 33: 49-52.

Tintori, A., Sun, Z.-Y., Lombardo, C., Jiang, D.-Y., Sun, Y.-L., and Hao, W.-C., 2010. A new basal neopterygian from the Middle Triassic of Luoping County (South China). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 116 (2).

Tourania, A., Benaouissa, N.,Gand, G., Bourquinc, S., Jalil, N.-E., Broutind,J., Battail, B., Germaine, D., Khaldounea, F., Soumaya, S., Steyere, J. S., and R. . 2010. Evidence of an Early Triassic age (Olenekian) in Argana Basin (High Atlas, Morocco) based on new chirotherioidtraces. Comptes Rendus Palevol, early online.

Trotteyn, M. J. and J. A. Haro. 2010. The braincase of a specimen of Proterochampsa Reig (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae) from the Late Triassic of Argentina. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. Published on-line May 11 2010. DOI 10.1007/s12542-010-0068-7

Witzmann, F., Scholz, H., Mueller, J., and N. Kardjilov. 2010. Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160:302-340.

Zhao, L.-J., Sato, T., Liu, J., Li, C., and X.-C. Wu. 2010. A new skeleton of Miodentosaurus brevis (Diapsida:Thalattosauria) with a further study of the taxon. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 48:1-10.